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The tendinopathic AT also exhibits lower stiffness and Young's modulus as well as greater longitudinal and transverse strains and higher hysteresis compared with healthy tendon under the same tensile load ( Arya and Kulig, 2010 Child et al., 2010 Wang et al., 2012 Chang and Kulig, 2015). MAT has been shown to result in altered tendon composition, structure and morphology, including an increase in tendon cross-sectional area (CSA), thickness and volume ( Shalabi et al., 2004 Arya and Kulig, 2010 Child et al., 2010 Grigg et al., 2012 Docking and Cook, 2016).

MAT affects sporting and general populations, causing disability, functional impairment and compromised performance ( Kvist, 1994 De Jonge et al., 2011). Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (MAT) is a common pathology of the lower extremity that is characterized by pain, swelling and thickening of the Achilles tendon (AT) mid-portion ( Maffulli et al., 1998 Van Dijk et al., 2011).

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These alterations are indicative of accentuated poroelasticity and an altered local stressвЂ“strain environment within the tendinopathic free tendon matrix, which could affect tendon remodelling via mechanobiological pathways. Overall, these findings suggest that the tendinopathic free AT experiences an exaggerated longitudinal and transverse strain response under repeated loading that is underpinned by an altered interaction between solid and fluid tendon matrix components. Volume loss from the tendon core therefore preceded the greater longitudinal strain in the tendinopathic AT. Further, free tendon CSA and volume strain were greater in the tendinopathic AT than in the contralateral tendon from the first contraction, whereas free AT longitudinal strain was not greater than that of the contralateral tendon until the fourth contraction. The free AT experienced higher longitudinal and CSA strain and reached steady state following a greater number of contractions (five contractions) in the tendinopathic AT compared with the contralateral tendon (three contractions). Freehand 3D ultrasound scans were recorded and used to measure whole AT, free AT and proximal AT longitudinal strains and free AT cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume strains. Ten adults with unilateral MAT performed 10 successive 25вЂ…s submaximal (50%) voluntary isometric plantarflexion contractions with both legs. This study compared the AT longitudinal, transverse and volume strains during repeated loading of the tendinopathic AT with those of the contralateral tendon in people with unilateral MAT. However, how MAT changes the 3D morphology of the AT during repeated loading remains unclear.

Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (MAT) alters the normal three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the Achilles tendon (AT) at rest and under a single tensile load. May not be available for sale or shipping prior to such approval.Д¬heck with your sales representative for details. SonixTablet may be pending regulatory approval in your region and All Rights Reserved.Дescriptions and availability are subject to change without notice.